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There are many great improvements provided by ES6 (introduced in Y2015), but I think a couple of them are really cool. String includes includes checks whether a certain (sub) string exists in the provided string. Note that this operation is case sensitive. let str1 = "Neo rocks the world"; console.log("rocks? ", str1.includes("rocks")); // rocks? true console.log("is agent? ", str1.includes("agent")); // is agent? false Not quite complicated, but makes the language that much more friendly :) Earlier, we used a very complicated piece of code to achieve the same result. ...

We define a class and its variables like so - class UserData { name = ""; type = ""; internalUserFlag = false; constructor({ name, type }) { this.name = name; this.type = type; } } const student1 = new UserData({ name: "Neo" }); console.log("student1: ", student1); // UserData { name: '', type: '', internalUserFlag: false } See quickly get started with Javascript classes if you want to know more. We can potentially extend the class and have multiple validation rules. We also like to keep variables like type and internalUserFlag private. These variables can be changed by extension classes, but not by external methods. ...

Extend a class and create a sub class for easier maintainability. Sub class can make use of special super functions to extend the functionality of a class. Using sub classes you can build out a complex logic in steps rather than as one messy module. See how to start with a Javascript class and class prototypes if you are new to Javascript classes. Consider the example from our prototype discussion- User.prototype.users = []; class UserData { user = { name: "", type: "", }; setUser({ name, type }) { this.user.name = name; this.user.type = type; } addUser() { this.users.push(this.user); } } UserData.prototype.users = []; user1 = new UserData(); user1.setUser({ name: "Rama", type: "Teacher" }); user1.addUser(); console.log(user1.users); // [ { name: 'Rama', type: 'Teacher' } ] user2 = new UserData(); user2.setUser({ name: "Kris", type: "Student" }); user2.addUser(); console.log(user2.users); /* output [ { name: 'Rama', type: 'Teacher' }, { name: 'Kris', type: 'Student' } ] */ console.log(user1.users); // // [ { name: 'Rama', type: 'Teacher' } ] /* output [ { name: 'Rama', type: 'Teacher' }, { name: 'Kris', type: 'Student' } ] */ Our application works beautifully and allows us to define users. But, what if we want to store information specific to teachers and students? ...

Prototypes enable us to define attributes and functions of a class that can be shared across its object instances. Let us look at how we could start using prototypes in our Javascript classes. See how to start with a Javascript class if you are new to Javascript classes. Class in Javascript is built internally using prototypes - in fact that was the way some of us were reaching OOP nirvana in Javascript back in the day. ESXX standards have changed all that and now we have classes and all the goodness therein. ...

Class in Javascript is syntactic sugar on top of prototypes. Class makes it easier to structure our code, and to read and maintain it. Let’s see a simple class. class QuizTracker { constructor() { this.right = 0; this.wrong = 0; this.points = 0; } addRight() { this.right++; this.points++; } addWrong() { this.wrong++; this.points -= 0.25; } getPoints() { return this.points; } } Class is the skeleton and provides the framework for an object. Object is an instance of the class and contains the structure supplied by class and the data. ...

Arrays in Javascript can be sorted using a simple .sort command. But, don’t let that simplicity deceive you - it goes far more than that. let arr = [4, 2, 1, 7, 3]; console.log(arr.sort()); // [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 ] Sort can be used against full strings - let fruits = ["orange", "apple", "grapes"]; console.log("fruits.sort(): ", fruits.sort()); //[ 'apple', 'grapes', 'orange' ] It can use a custom function instead of the default sort logic. const fruits = [ { name: "orange", color: "orange" }, { name: "apple", color: "red" }, { name: "grapes", color: "green" }, ]; const fruitsSorted = fruits.sort((fruit1, fruit2) => { if (fruit1.color < fruit2.color) return -1; else if (fruit1.color > fruit2.color) return 1; else return 0; }); console.log("fruitsSorted: ", fruitsSorted); /* output fruitsSorted: [ { name: 'grapes', color: 'green' }, { name: 'orange', color: 'orange' }, { name: 'apple', color: 'red' } ] */ You can use any custom logic in the sort function, which makes it quite a powerful tool. However do remember - sort affects the original array. ...

Array is a collection of elements or objects, and is quite easy to use in Javascript. Here’s an example of array: const fruits = ["apple", "orange"]; You can print out the entire array.. const fruits = ["apple", "orange"]; console.log("fruits: ", fruits); //fruits: [ 'apple', 'orange' ] .. or access individual elements - const fruits = ["apple", "orange"]; So far we have seen You could also use an alternate (newer) notation that is easier to read - const fruits = ["apple", "orange"]; fruits.forEach((element) => { console.log("element", element); }); /* output element apple element orange */ The elements of an array can be of same or different data types. ...

You can pass one or more values to a function, but that has been made much easier and streamlined with the advent of ES2015 - 2018 standards. Let’s start with a simple function. function sum(x, y) { return x + y; } const summer = sum(3, 6); console.log(summer); // 9 If you follow the newer standards, you can rewrite the above function to - const diff = (x, y) => { return x - y; }; const differ = sum(6, 3); console.log(differ); // 3 If you change the order of arguments, the ‘sum’ function is not impacted, but ‘diff’ function is not impacted. I typically tend to use named variables to avoid this issue. ...

A Javascript function returns one and only one value. function sum(x, y) { return 3 + 39; } let life = sum(3, 39); console.log(life); // 42 I bet you already knew that not returning a value from a function, would return ‘undefined’. Anywho.. you are in a pickle if you want to return multiple values. There is no return(sum, diff);. However, a lot of problems need multiple ’things’ from the function output. What we do is to create an object in the function, populate it with multiple values and return the object to caller. The object packages all required variables. ...

AND (&&), Not (!), OR (||) are logical operators in Javascript. You will see that they are the only operators that make up for the entirety of one’s life experiences. Logical operators evaluate two values or expressions, and provide a true or false result. Let us see some examples to know the rules of the game. AND Only trues get along with each other to provide a true result - when dealing with an AND operation. ...